Essay on Revolution in Scientific Affairs - 977 Words

Europe changed dramatically in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. In many ways, this change was a result of changes in intellectual’s approach to natural history, or science. This revolution in scientific affairs, sparked by thinkers like Bacon, Newton, and Descartes, resulted in a significant upheaval in the arts and literature of Europe. Research into this spread of scientific thinking, which would eventually come to influence ideas about such wildly disparate fields of human endeavor as physics, religion, and governmental theory, shows that Francis Bacon played a major role in encouraging the growth of the Scientific Revolution. Writing in the early part of the 17th century, Bacon painted a tempting picture of a world†¦show more content†¦This eventually led to the idea that the universe was similar to a mechanical device which had been put in motion by God or a similar â€Å"First Cause,† who no longer took action in the universe. This idea, cal led Deism, would play a major role in the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Diderot. However, it was a Frenchman who felt he had proven God’s existence who would provide the philosophical framework for the Enlightenment’s questioning of religion and tradition. Renà © Descartes took Bacon’s ideas of scientific inquiry and used them not only to learn new information about the physical world and hard sciences, but also used them to try and make conclusions about the questions that had long dogged humanity, such as questions about the existence of God. However, in the end, by applying this philosophy of doubt to all fields of human endeavor, Descartes inspired later thinkers to apply even more penetrating and meaningful questions to these same fields of thought, particularly in philosophy and religion, but also in fields such as history and the other soft sciences. This led directly to the explosion of thought and rational inquiry that res ulted in the Enlightenment, the â€Å"republic of letters,† and the art of the 18th century. While Bacon, Newton, Descartes, and other great thinkers of the Scientific Revolution did their part to spread scientific progress and rational thought, it fell to one man,Show MoreRelatedThe Scientific Revolution Of The Human History Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pages Scientific Revolution: An Important Event in the Human History The moments when I write these words are history, so we could say history deals with the past. However, the past has not passed completely. The future will also be history. History is a very dynamic notion and concept. What is history is really hard to define. Change is central to history. Yet, history is not only about details. There are certain things that demonstrate true history. These events have varied in time and space. AmongRead More The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of the Scientific Revolution Science began soon after the Birth of Civilization. Man had already learned to tame animals and grow plants. To shape materials like clay and metals to his purposes and even to heal his bodily ailments. We do not know why he did these things because his magic and reasoning are concealed. Only with the second millennium B.C have we learned that there were three elements in man’s attitude to nature, which impacted the growth of the scientific revolution: empiricalRead MoreThe Importance of the Scientific Revolution to Europe1176 Words   |  5 Pages What was the Scientific Revolution and why was it so important to Europe? What did the scientific revolution help develop during time? These are some of the questions that many ask themselves when asked to define scientific revolution and enlightenment in the 17th/ 18th century. The terms â€Å"Scientific Revolution† and â€Å"Enlightenment† are used to describe two important phases that Europe came across during the 1500s to the 1800s. The 17th century scientific revolution left a huge impact on Europe leadingRead MoreMilitary Revolutions and Revolution1342 Words   |  6 PagesMilitary revolution and revolution of military affair The world is continuing to experience changes that are affecting every generation of people in society without regard to race, religion, age, sex, political status or geographical location. These changes are certainly important chapters for our history books. For the most part I would say these changes are like evolution which has led to the diversification of all living organisms from a common ancestor, known as a scientific developmentRead MoreJohn Beckett s The Glorious Revolution971 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Beckett mentions that â€Å"the Glorious Revolution† has been considered a historical event related to the political issues. The main target of this historical event was to create a commercial freedom in Europe. After this revolution was done, trade relations in Europe went up, and the Bill of Rights was also created in 1689. Today, the Bill of Rights is shown and knowns that it was the first building stone for â€Å"the British constitution† because it limited the monarchic power. During the eighteenthRead MoreThe American Way Of War Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesmalleable product of culturally significant past experiences. Reflecting several underlying cultural ideals, the current American way of war consists of three primary tenets—the desire for moral clarity, the primacy of technology, and the centrality of scientific management systems—which combine to create a preference for decisive, large-scale conventional wars with clear objectives and an aversion to morally ambiguous low-intensity conflicts that is relevant to planners because it helps them address AmericanRead MoreLiberalism in French Revolution Through Enlightenment1593 Words   |  7 PagesTHE LIBERAL REVOLUTION -UNDER THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!-Kant Contents ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: 3 FRENCH SOCIETY: 3 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION: 3 CRITICISM ON THE IDEA OF LIBERALISM: 4 CONCLUSION 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: â€Å"Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed nonage†¦ Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of the EnlightenmentRead MoreNapoleon : An Enlightened Despot1597 Words   |  7 PagesKevin McKenzie Mrs. Drogos AP European History November 15 2014 Napoleon: An Enlightened Despot Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was undeniably profound in helping to restore order to France following the revolution, the chaotic Jacobin reign of terror, and the weak directory. Through his leadership, France was able to achieve a much more balanced and powerful state, resemblant of the France of previous great rulers, such as Louis XIV. Napoleon used his absolute authority to align France withRead MoreEarly and Mid 19th Century Thought Essay654 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual from exercising the right of free choice, interfered with the right of free expression. To the traditional rulers of Europe#8212;kings, aristocrats, and clergy#8212;the French Revolution was a great evil, which had inflicted a near-fatal wound on civilization. Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolution in France was instrumental in shaping conservative thought. Burke, an Anglo-Irish statesman and political theorist, wanted to warn his countrymen of the dangers inherent in the ideologyRead MoreHuman Relations Movement1552 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical and scientific management in the industry today. This approach raises some important questions about what are the keys function of the classical-scientific management theory, and the contrast of the worker in the classical-scientific and behavioral management. Some additional points need to be considered such as the Hawthorne studies and also the most important aspect covered is the Industrial Revolution that had the biggest influence on management. The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth

The Death Penalty Is A Controversial Issue - 2057 Words

Introduction It’s no secret that the death penalty is a very controversial issue in the United States. The death penalty has been around for centuries, but so has the movement to abolish it. Does the death penalty really need to be abolished? or are people just too sensitive to the issue? Origin The death penalty dates as far back as the eighteenth century B.C. The Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon established the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was also a part of Hittite Code of the fourteenth century B.C., The Draconian Code of the seventh century which made all crimes punishable by death., and the Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets in the fifth century. In those times they carried out the death sentences by drowning, burning alive, beating to death, impalement, and crucifixion.(DPIC, 2015) In Britain, In the tenth century A.D, hanging became the usual method of execution. In the eleventh century, William the conqueror did not allow any person to be hung or executed, except in times of war. Under the reign of king Henry VIII in the sixteenth century, it was estimated that about 72,000 people were executed. The most common methods of that time were hanging, drawing and quartering, boiling, beheading, and burning at the stake. The capital offenses for that time were treason, not confessing to a crime, and marrying a jew. (DPIC,2015) Britain was the main influence of America’s use of the death penalty. When theShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty : A Controversial Issue2199 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Death Penalty When it comes to the topic of the death penalty, most of us will readily agree that it’s a controversial issue. On the one hand, many argue that the death penalty is cost effective. On the other hand, others say that capital punishment deters crime. In my own view, I don’t believe that the death penalty is cost effective or deters crime; capital punishment should not be given as a punishment for criminals who have committed first degree murder In my judgment the death penaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Controversial Issue1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic worldwide. People are either for the death penalty, or against it, and there is usually no changing their mind by introducing arguments that are contrary to their opinion. The death penalty debate is not a new one, â€Å"capital punishment [has been] practiced since colonial times despite persistent debates† (Jost). However, it was around the 1960s when countries began to abolish, or strictly restrain the death penalty (Jost). The death penalty has existedRead MoreDeath Penalty: A Controversial Issue727 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The death penalty has been an issue of controversy, causing many states in America to repeal it and call it inhumane. However, the truth is that many citizens are strongly divided on the issue and have strong opinions on whether the death penalty should indeed be kept and reinforced or whether it should just be abolished altogether. When analyzing this issue from a sociological perspective, conflict theory is best used as an argument against the death penalty. This sociological conflict theory isRead MoreControversial Issues Regarding Juvenile Death Penalty2052 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most controversial issues in the rights of juveniles today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles? For nearly a century the juvenile courts have existed to shield the majority of juvenile offenders from the full weight of criminal law and to protect their entitled special rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rights which include; Protection from publicity, confinement onlyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is One Of The Most Controversial Issue1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty is one of the most controversial issues. It is an important issue because each side is ve ry significant and they each have strong views. The five main points that will be discussed in this paper are; deterrence, loss of innocent lives, bias, retribution, and quality of the attorney. Both sides will be discussed; reasons to support the death penalty, and reasons not to support the death penalty. For the first point; deterrence, supporters of the penalty say that the death penaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is One Of The Most Ethical And Controversial Issues1581 Words   |  7 PagesSome may say the death penalty is one of the most ethical and controversial issues of all time. The issue brings forth anger among many individuals among todays society. This anger has developed over time throughout the history of the death penalty. Over time, the policy has been developed, started and evolved over time. Different states and countries choose to address the penalty differently resulting in more of a controversy. I personally believe that this policy is severely wrong and ne edsRead MoreDiffering Opinions on the Controversial Death Penalty Issue Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of capital punishment is one that has been in discussion for many years. How can anyone control the life of another human being? The accused may have taken the life of another citizen but what gives anyone the right to take his. This is the main point of the question but it gets vastly more complicated as the issue is further investigated. For instance, the psychopath who goes on a murderous rampage might have an abnormality with the frontal lobe of the cortex in his brain. Now, ifRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Wrongful Convictions980 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty has been a controversial topic among society for ages. An issue often brought up when discussing the legality of capital punishment is wrongful convictions. Advocates of the death penalty say that, while wrongful convictions are an issue, those few cases do not outweigh the need for lawful executi on of felons who are, without a doubt, guilty. On the other hand, the opponents argue that the death penalty is wrong from both a legal and moral standpoint, an ineffective form of punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment On Trial : Furman V. Georgia And The Death Penalty985 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Death Penalty in Modern America, he discussed the case of Furman v. Georgia. He explores the controversy that capital punishment holds in the United States of America. The death penalty has been in practice for many centuries. For example, â€Å"In Massachusetts, where religion had played a key role in settlement, crimes like blasphemy, witchcraft, sodomy, adultery, and incest became capital offenses, through juries sometimes hesitated to convict† (Oshinsky, 2010). For the punishment of death theseRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty1342 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today’s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruel and unjust

Impact of Selfishness on Personal Life free essay sample

Every day, people make several decisions that more or less influence their live. However, it is necessary to consider other people and results before the decisions were made, since selfish decisions can cause lots of problems. The selfish choices that selected by the main characters in both â€Å"On the Rainy River† and â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stocking† cause regret and raise conflict between the main characters and themselves . Regret can be caused by selfish decisions. On the one hand, O’Brien, the narrator of the â€Å"On the Rainy River† felt guilty and worried about his families during the way to Canada because he fled away from the war: â€Å"I would go to the warI would kill and maybe die –because I was embarrassed not to. That was the sad thing† (O’Brien 12). Clearly, O’Brien explained why he decided to go to Canada and continued his life without contradicting his own beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Selfishness on Personal Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here he lost his chance at having personal happiness and would have to live with regret from then on. Even though, O’Brien went back and join the army in the end, he still could not get away from the guilt that rose by his decisions: â€Å"I survived, but its not a happy ending. I was a coward. I went to the war† (O’Brien 14). Unlike most people, O’Brien did not regarded surviving form the war as a fortunate thing for him, instead, O’Brien considered himself as a coward and did not forgive himself for making the inappropriate decision from now on. On the other hand, Mrs. Sommer, the major character of â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† also felt guilty about her family, for the mother used up all the fifteen pounds to purchase accessories and entertained herself instead of buying â€Å"so and so many yards of percales for new shirt waists for the boys and Janie and Mag†(Chopin 1). The fifteen pounds were supposed to spend on the clothing of their children according to Mrs. Sommers’s plan at beginning, but she spent all for herself. By the end of day, she did not want to go home: â€Å"in truth he saw noting—unless he were wizard enough to detect a poignant wish, a powerful longing that the cable car would never stop anywhere, but go on forever† (Chopin 3). Mrs. Sommers’s thought reflected her regret since she wished the cable can run forever, so that she did not need to go back home and face her families. Obviously, personal happiness cannot be achieved by selfishness, doing this can create nothing but regret that will follow a  person through their life. Furthermore, the selfishness gives raise to conflict between people and themselves. In â€Å"On the Rainy River†, on the one side, OBrien felt he was â€Å"too good for the war. Too smart, too compassionate, too everything† (O’Brien 3) since the war is completely unreasonable for him. He did not want to be killed or kill anyone else. On the other side, he found himself is completely irresponsible for both his family and country, for the simple reason that he neither supported his country nor protected his family during the most dangerous time. Due to his strong sense of morality and the honourable values like bolstering his own country, OBrien struggled with two conflicting forces in himself. Similarly, Mrs. Sommers struggled against herself to repress the urges and temptation of the luxury items. At first, she planned to spend the money on her children. However, as soon as she entered the department store, she had a powerful desire for a moment of luxury. She tried to hide the desire because of her economic situations. Eventually â€Å"she went on feeling the soft, sheeny luxurious things—with both hands now, holding them up to see them glisten, and feel them glide serpent-like through her fingers. Two hectic blotches came suddenly into her pale cheeks† (Chopin 2) and undoubtedly she succumbed to her desires. By the end of the short story, Mrs. Sommers was extraordinarily desperate for the luxurious life to never end â€Å"a poignant wish, a powerful longing that the cable car would never stop anywhere, but go on and on with her forever† (Chopin 3). The cable in some way symbolized her dream life since at that time only wealthy people were able to afford cable. Her wish represented she still wanted to enjoy the feeling of that unrealistic luxurious life and was unwilling to return back to reality. Ultimately , being selfish leads to the conflicts between people and themselves and annoyance in their life. Overall, the two short stories namely â€Å"On the Rainy River† and â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† emphasized the negative impact of selfishness on human life. Both O’Brien and Mrs. Sommer suffered the regret and conflicting forces that rose by their selfishness. Therefore it is necessary to consider the result before making a decision since selfish decisions, in long term, cannot bring any happiness and self-satisfactory.

TAL Apparel Limited Stepping Up the Value Chain

What are the benefits to retailers of adopting TAL’s VMI system? The TAL VMI system is beneficial to retailers because they can make replenishment inventory decisions on behalf of consumers. The VMI system also allows retailer to initiate purchase order transactions. Under normal circumstances, the buyer would have to initiate such a transaction. Through the VMI system, buyers lose control over crucial resupply decision (Farhoomand 5).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on TAL Apparel Limited: Stepping Up the Value Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such decisions are then assumed by the retailer. Moreover, the financial responsibility of the buyer for the inventory can also be transferred to the retailer. There is also the issue of reduced costs. Most supply chains are faced with the key challenge of demand volatility, and this erodes both product revenues and customer service. Many retailers find the VMI system attractive because it reduces demand uncertainty (Farhoomand 6). VMI dampens the valleys and peaks of demand. Orders almost always arrive at the same time and as a result, the retailer can satisfy all the delivery requests simultaneously. Is TAL’s VMI system a strategic resource for TAL? TAL’s VMI system is a strategic resource for TAL because it has enabled the company to enhance its performance measure by delivery products on time. It has also allowed the company to execute different activities including ordering of products, manufacturing of the ordered products, and packaging and shipping, coordination between various departments as shipping, accounting, legal, and IT simultaneously. Moreover, the VMI system has enabled TAL Apparel to shorten the supply chain and consequently, reduce the addition costs (Farhoomand 8). Besides, the system enables the company to maintain a centralized focus. There is also the issue of frequent communication of stock-outs a nd inventory, leading to savings in time and valuable resources. When TAL Apparel adopted the VMI system, one of its leading clients, J. D. Penney, recorded approximately $ 2 million in annual savings (Farhoomand 8). In addition, the company’s inventory turnover rose massively to 35%, while there was a 5% in gross margins. What are the obstacles that might prevent retailers from adopting TAL’s VMI system? Although TAL’s Apparel has implemented its VMI system successfully, retailers might be a bit hesitant to adopt it for a number of reasons. To start with, the system would bring to an end the practice of forward buying and diverting. Through forward buying, retailers can pass along savings owing to significantly reduced acquisition costs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The adoption of VMI system would also imply that the retailers lose control over taking of orders (Tempelmeier 81). For the successful implementation of the VMI system, it is important to have in place communication technology, computer platforms, as well as products tracking and identification systems. Although such systems are likely to be found at the retailer end, a deficiency of the software system cannot be ruled out, and this would hinder the implementation process. What can TAL do to overcome these obstacles? If at all TAL intends to overcome the aforementioned obstacles, it is important for the company to educate retailers on the benefits accruing from adopting the VMI system. This will help to reduce any form of resistance related with its adoption. Additionally, TAL needs to provide their retailers with the software system in order to overcome the obstacle. There are a number of such software systems available in the market and as such, Tal Apparel should not find it hard to implement the idea. From the retailer’s perspective, what are the adv antages and disadvantages of having a unique supplier of VMI services? A retailer benefits from a unique supplier of VMI service by enjoying proper coordination of orders by various buyers. Since orders normally arrive simultaneously, the retailers can settle delivery requests in a timely manner. In the case of the retailer, product availability is a key parameter with which to determine service delivery. The reason is very simple; a retailer will have lost a sale should a customer fail to find the desired products in the store. Such a loss is made worse if the customer also loses goodwill in the retailer (Franke 43). During planning, a retailer therefore depends on the supplier. A unique supplier of VMI service is more reliable and for this reason, the retailer is likely to benefit from higher revenues and hence, improved service. In a VMI system, manufacturers often retain inventory ownership. In this case, they may desire to share this product inventory privilege with retailers. The idea is for the manufacturer to ensure that the end customer is reached by the product (Mishra and Ragghunathan, 445).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on TAL Apparel Limited: Stepping Up the Value Chain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Manufacturers may also use inventory ownership as a way to include for example, top of the line fashion or watches to the retailer’s assortment in an attempt to increase the sale of their products. There might be a risk involved with such an arrangement on the part of the retailer because should they purchase such products, they may not be as profitable owing to their high value and low stock turn. Moreover, the inventory holding cost tied to these items could be very expensive for the customer, with the manufacturer finding it cheaper. Consequently, the retailer suffers because he/she has to deal directly with the customer (Mishra and Raghunathan 446). Works Cited Fa rhoomand, Ali. TAL Apparel Ltd. Stepping up the value chain. Asia Case Research Center, 2004. Web. Franke, Peter. Vendor-Managed Inventory for High Value Parts—Results from a  survey among leading international manufacturing firms. Berlin: Berlin Institute of management, 2010. Print. Tempelmeier, Horst. Inventory Management in Supply Networks—Problems,  Models, Solutions. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2006. Print. Mishra, Birendra and Raghunathan, Srinivasan. â€Å"Retailers-vs. vendor-managed inventory and brand competition.† Management Science, 50.4(2004): 445- 457. Print. This case study on TAL Apparel Limited: Stepping Up the Value Chain was written and submitted by user John Ellis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heroes And Hooligans Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism

Heroes And Hooligans Cruel kings, dangerous monsters, and vicious villains are the reasons we need heroes for. Heroes are the ones people root for and believe in. They are the ones who will save people from total annihilation by the evil threatening to eradicate them. People call and depend on heroes to save them when in need. No matter what society or how long ago you lived everyone had a hero to count on and give them hope. Heroes are smart and guide people along their lives and help friends in need. A great example of a hero is Beowulf. Beowulf was a hero in the times of the Angles-Saxons. The story of Beowulf is still told today because he was such a great hero. He is very brave and noble, like before he fights the evil dragon he says, ?When he comes to me I mean to stand, not run from his shooting flames, stand till fate decides which one of us wins. My heart is firm, my hands calm. I need no hot words.? (anonymous, 674) Beowulf was also a great hero because he was always confident like when he was going to fight the dragon, ?Then Beowulf rose, still brave, still strong and with his shiel at his side, and mail-shirt on his breast, strode calmly, confidently, toward the tower(anonymous, 689) Beowulf was loyal to the king and his people, the Geats, could trust Beowulf to be honest and trust him to get the job done. After Beowulf eradicated the loathsome, grotesque, and sinister Grendel he left his arm dangling from the ceiling of Herot ?No Dane doubted the victory.? (anonymous, 514) and greatly appreciated Beowulf. All this shows Beowulf is a majestic hero. Modern Day heroes are different from heroes of the days of yore. People and times have changed. We no longer need a hero to fight the evil that runs rampant. Celebrities are looked up to now more than superheroes. We now idolize people who have the same interest as we do. Our heroes now are people we look up to and dream of being. Rick McCrank is a modern day hero. He is always progressing and speeding up the progression of skating. He is worldly known for his pure skill on a skateboard. Kids of the future look up to him as an idol and something to strive to be. Like professional skateboarder, Moses Itkonen said, when Rick skates ?people don't even cheer him, they laugh,? because he has so much skill. McCrank is constantly taking skating to the next level. Rick McCrank is a modern day hero that we look up to and strive to be like. People, like him, push people to make the most out of themselves and to have something to strive for. No matter how different they are from one another, a hero is still a hero. Without heroes we would never have hop and the willpower to survive. Heroes are looked upon for inspiration and guidance. Heroes have to relate to people. They have to have the same frame of mind. If people cannot relate to a hero they will not be stoked on him and he will not be a hero to those people. Whether the hero goes on perilous journeys, fighting monsters, or the guy who won the best trick contest, he will be a hero and will be remembered for years to come.

Barons, Magna Carta and King John Essay Example

Barons, Magna Carta and King John Essay Example Barons, Magna Carta and King John Paper Barons, Magna Carta and King John Paper Henry II, one of the most influential’s of England’s government created and improved the judicial system as the laws of the land needed applied. His government gave fair trials to all and granted judges to cross throughout the land to maintain the criminal justice system that he created. After Henry II death Richard his son had succeeded him and maintained that his fathers’ form of government was being followed. However, Richard was not always in England due to the Crusades in the Middle East that he believed was worth fighting and with his absent his barons gained control of the government. Under both Henry II and Richard the barons were able to gain trust from the crown and gain power that had never happened before under any other monarch. When John, Henry II’s youngest son took the thrown he took away a large amount of the baron’s power and increased taxes without having council with his barons. John also took away the form of judicial system his father had created that gave fair trial to all. From these critical laws of government gone or corrupted John’s barons plotted against him and created the Magna Carta which is list of laws that were demanded to restore his father’s government. For the first time in history a monarch was forced to sign and obey laws created by his nobility. The barons wanted to limit John’s power through the Magna Carta. In which the church did have a small influence of the created charter when written. Throughout history many historians have been trying to figure out for what reasons John’s barons created the Magna Carta. Clarie Valente, argues that barons were looking towards John consider the concepts of law and government along with their more personal agendas. However, Sidney Painter states that John was not in the right mental state to take the concepts of the law and enforce them in a way that would benefit not only him, but his barons. Also, Painter concludes that John’s relationship that he destroyed between many close barons that were loyal to him lead them to unite against him and place him within the law. J. A. P. Jones, gives great reasoning that the authority that John had created was against the law from the view point of the barons. John the youngest son of King Henry II succeeded his father’s thrown after his brother Richard’s death in 1199. Even though John was next in line for the thrown, John’s nephew Arthur son of Geoffrey John’s elder brother. Three sets of considerations would play a part in the decision between them- the law of inheritance, the wishes of the barons and great officers of the realm, and the desires of the late king. [1] Both John and Arthur had their own support from their closest barons. England and Normandy accepted John who had been designated by his brother as heir to the whole of his dominions, the barons of Aquitaine rendered their homage to Eleanor, while those of Anjou, Main, and Touraine, in accordance with the custom of the country, swore allegiance to Arthur of Brittany. [2] John was finally recognized at Richards’s heir only by the action of his niece marring Louis son of, Philip king of France and the paying of 20,000 marks for her dowry. When John finally came into power his kingdom had lost Normandy, rumors of him plotting the killing of his nephew Arthur. The story of John murdering Arthur in 1203 and caused speculation among King Philip of France who tried to use this reason to condemn John, however it was too late because John bought out the barons who then clamed John the rightful king of England. Rumors also started to appear that John captured Arthur’s colleagues and starved them to death, while Arthur’s sister appears to have been imprisoned at Bristol until 1241 when she died. [3] Since his kingdom was drained of funds do to Richard’s Crusades which also left the people penniless. John’s first visit to England as chef he demanded the needs of men and money; he summoned his feudal host and ordered the levying of a scutage of two marks per knight’s fee. [4] John started to demand reliefs that sometimes amounted to thousands of pounds. [5] The rise of his few per vassal caused many of his vassals to leave or become treachery against him. If the funds could not be furnished other ways were available to obtain them by the selling of marriages of his heiresses for high prices on a marriage market, but there was no one to deny their tight to dispose of heiresses and there were always eager buyers. 6] Selling of heiresses could not be stopped due to the grounds that could prevent John from the control of his own estate. Jones argues that during the reign of Henry II he created the Angevin machine that was designed so in the absent of the king the sole direction of government affairs could be issued by the Chairman of the Bench and barons with his own wor ds. John Joliffe’s recent study of the Angevin monarchy is that the fundamental policies of the first three Angevin kings must be regarded as a whole. These powerful rulers, he asserts, opposed the older concept of feudal monarchy with a new attitude, difficult to define – kind of â€Å"unrealized absolution which would have exercised all the capacities of the Renaissance prince except that of comprehending its own proper nature and claiming it in set terms. †[7] Joliffe’s reasoning is that during John’s rule the Angevin machine never changed under his rule, but it changed due to the world changing. However there is greater evidence that states that with John’ never-ending activity within government and having to be homebound in England after the loss of Normandy and Anjou in 1203-4, tend to make his rule seem more personal, more tyrannical, more stifling than that of his predecessors. John’s Since John had no place to visit he began to take tours of the country causing him to try to attend to the smallest points of administrative detail resulted in efficiency but also in a general feeling of oppression. Lords that John considered most dangerous to his power were to be weakened by any possible means on the other hand barons that were considered to be most reliable were to be built up. [8] 1203, John turned many of his closest friends into his enemies and his once enemies he gave them handouts to win their loyalty over. His intentions of winning foe barons over created a strain of the relationships and backing that his closest barons once had. Without John having the backing of his once trusted barons and nobles tension increased, furthermore this concern John had with having to win rival barons may perhaps been one of the leading causes to his barons rising up against him and creating the Magna Carta that would limit his power and restore their authority back into the government. Events leading up to the Magna Carta include the feud John had with Pope Innocent III on who should be the new archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent III refused to accept the choices that John had elected for the new archbishop of Canterbury. Due to this dispute Innocent put England under an interdict, however John saw this to be wrong doing and he reopened some monasteries. John’s outlandish action lead to Innocent’s excommunicate of England. John’s barons repeatedly asked John to surrender to Innocents demands so that church services could continue. However, John finally gave into Innocents, but not until 1213 and he reinstates the Canterbury monks and receives Langston as the new archbishop, but not as his friend. [9] During, 1212 John raised taxes on the Barons in the attempt to regain Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou. 0 July 1213 John renewed his coronation oath with the promise to restore Henry I laws and banish all evil customs; his promise was short lived by 15 November 1213. [10] 1215, John tried to gain power once again with his lost territory in France; however he was once again defeated then forced to pay to acquire a truce with Philip. John’s only way to obtain ? 40,000 was to raise tax es which lead to the barons rebelling. After this few barons remained loyal to John, while others were starting to plot against him. Those who were plotting against him drew up a list of grievances with Archbishop Stephen Langton and presented them to the king on June 15, 1215. The list of injustice, Magna Carta was signed at Runnymede in Surrey and was forced to accept and sign the terms or war was going to be declared against him. Within the Magna Carta there were sixty-three conditions that the twenty-five barons and Archbishop Langston required and forced John to re-establish. From those sixty-three provisions I have chosen several clauses that I see are the most important terms that the barons and the church wanted to have reinstated back into the government. The Church of England â€Å"shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed. †[11] Clause 1 explains that the King will stay out of church affairs especially with the elections of new archbishops. The Pope has all rights to elected whom he see fits without the interfering of the King. Also, the barons reasoning for this clause to be fashioned within the charter is to reinsure that excommunication never occurs in England once more. In addition, to the king’s limitation with the Church clause 61 states, â€Å"all quarrels between men who held government positions and clergy were to be forgiven and pardoned. †[12] This meant that all those in the clergy and government positions were to be forgiven be the king himself. Their names and positions would be cleared of all charges. The clergy who had once been dammed by John know can be restored back into the church. Furthermore all those politically excommunicated by John could now come back to England and withhold powerful positions yet again. John’s treasury dry and the wonting need to reclaim Normandy his stupendous scheme to wed of his closest heirs for money caused clause 6 in the Magna Carta to be fashioned. Clause 6 clearly states, â€Å"heirs shall be married without disparagement, yet so that before themarriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice. †[13] If John was to marry of any remanding heirs he was to count the distance between the two that were to be wed. The number between them had to meet current criteria to be allowed to wed. If conditions were not met then they he could go forth with the wedding. The most important clauses for the barons were 12 and 14, stated that John has to take counsel on aids and scutages with a duly-summoned assembly of leading prelates, nobles, and tenants-in-chief. [14] This clause would demand that John had to summon a convention in which his barons, tenants-in-chiefs, and leading prelates would attend once again being involved in decision making, negotiations, and law construction. They would gain the power that they once had when the Angevin machine was established when Normandy was being ruled by Henry II and Richard I. During the reign of his father Henry II, set up permanent court of professional judges and sent them throughout the land on frequent missions, criminal justice was to be administered all over the land in accordance with the same rules. [15] Clause 39 of the Magna Carta states â€Å"No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or exiled or in anyway destroyed nor will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawfuljudgement of his peers or by the law of the land. †[16] This is stating that King John can’t imprison or exile someone that he wants to without having broken a law and be judged within a court in front of his peers. Historian Clare Valente states within her book The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England, that clauses 39 and 40 are the utmost important due to the guaranteed free, available, impartial royal justice according to the law of the land. [17] The barons were demanding that John restore the judicial branch that England once had under the rule of his father. Also, with in the Magna Carta clause 52 states that all those who had been exiled without a lawful judgment was removed from exile and his rights were fully restored. 18] King John had removed the law system that his father and fore fathers had established that guided and helped their government develop. Instead of having the positions of law enforcements being held by those who had been educated and trained in the field, John replaced them with his close piers and those that he could trust to ensure that his ruling was going to be enforced throughout his real. The gratuitous concessions of Magna Carta, limited thought the y were, came to be seen as offering a more general guarantee for local liberties, to be enforced, exploited and misinterpreted in their defence. 19] The barons who under the rule of Richard had withheld power do to the invention of the angevin machine that was created by Henry II that was designed in the absent of the king the king’s alter ego who had sole direction of the government affairs and could issue chancery writs in his own name. [20] Under this concept the barons gained outstanding amount of power. During John’s rule their power had been eliminated and they believed that it was their born right to have the feudal principle that vassal should give â€Å"aid and counsel† to his lord. 21] With their rights and power taken the creation of the Magna Carta was away to try to re-establish their rights. â€Å"All foreign knights and soldiers were thrown out of the country do to the belief that they were living in England to corrupt the government†. [22] This clause was cruel to the barons, who believed that these foreigners were taking over England and influencing their lords over all decisions In addition with the nationality clause, With John agreeing to the terms of the Magna Carta, he was subjected to abide by each law. If any laws were broken then they would have all rights to revolt against him once again. As quoted by ‘The Twenty-five Barons of Magna Carta,’ by C. R. Cheney: If the king of his officials violated anything in the charter or failed to do extension of judicial distraint, to obey him and attack his property until he reconfirmed his promises and restored justice, at which point normal relations would resume. [23] It is clearly stated that if John or any of his nobility that followed him were to break the law in anyway, his property not him would be attacked. Within the clause itself it states that the twenty-five barons and the whole community have the right to seize their castles, lands, and possessions in anyway that they can until the situation has been obtained and meets their demands. The Magna Carta first set of laws that a monarch was forced to sign and accept to follow under his own barons. John had created a corrupted government by taking away power that was given to his barons from his father and brothers rule due to their absent and the invention of the Angevin machine. The barons were allied with Archbishop Langston who also believed that John’s ruling was in the wrong and that he should not be able to have any influence in the Church’s decisions. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. PRIMARY SOURCES White, Albert Beebe and Notestein, Wallace. Magna Carta 1215. Edited by Source Problems in English History. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915. II. SECONDARY SOURCES A. Books Cheney, C. R. , The Twenty-five Barons of Magna Carta. Bulletin of the John Rayland’s Library, 50 (1967-68). Goodhart, Arthur L. Law of the land. Charlottesville VA: The University Press of Virginia, 1966. Holt, J. C. Magna Carta. Cambridge: University Press, 1965. Joliffe, John. Angevin Kingship. London, A. C. Black, 1963. Jones, J. A. P. King John and Magna Carta. London: Longman, 1971. Painter, Sidney. The Reign Of King John. NY: Arno Press, 1949. Poole, Austin L. From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951. Valente, Claire. The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2003. B. Journal Articles Maddicott, J. R. Magna Carta and the Local Community 1215-1259. † Past Present 102 (February, 1984):30. Stuart, William A. â€Å"The Constitutional Clauses of Magna Carta. † Virginia Law Review2:8 (May, 1915):567. [1] Sidney Painter, The Reign of King John (New York: Arno Press, 1949), 1. [2] Austin Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951), 378. [3] J. A. P. Jones, King John and Magna Carta (London: Longman, 1971), 8. [4] Painter, 16. [5] J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (Cambridge, University Press, 1965), 24. [6] Ibid. 7] John Joliffe, Angevin Kingship (London, A. C. Black, 1963), 341. [8] Painter, 24. [9] Sir. James H. Ramsay, The Angevin Empire of the Three Reigns of Henry II, Richard I, and John (A. D. 1154-1216) (New York: AMS Press, 1978), 417. [10] Jones, 46. [11] Albert Beebe White and Wallace Notestein, Magna Carta (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), Clause 1. [12] Ibid. , Clause 61. [13] White and Wallace Notestein, Clause 6. [14] Claire Valente, The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2003), 26-27. 15] Goodhart, 9. [16] White and Wallace Notestein, Clause 39. [17]Valente, 26. [18] Ibid. , Clause 52. [19] J. R. Maddicott, â€Å"Magna Carta and the Local Community 1215-1259. † Past Present 102, (Feb. 1984): 30. [20] Jones, 4. [21] William A. Stuart, â€Å"The Constitutional Clauses of Magna Carta. † Virginia Law Review 2:8 (1915): 567. [22]White and Notestein,. Clause 51. [23] C. R. Cheney, The Twenty-five Barons of Magna Carta (Bulletin of the John Rayland’s Library, 50 (1967-68) 307.

Manufacturing and Urbanization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Manufacturing and Urbanization - Essay Example Because of the rise of industrialism in the nineteenth century, United States became an industrialized society. This change was sped up by transportation revolution as well as immigration. Urbanization, along with the need for a market economy, also contributed America’s industrialization. Industrialization changed the lives of everyone. The farmers had become workers in factories and mills. Agriculture became mechanized, and with technology, the food production increased. Coupled with fast production and mechanization, the farmers worked faster. Since the transportation network was also quite effective, goods were also transported throughout America, boosting commerce and industry throughout the regions. Urbanization also went hand in hand with industrialization as with the expansion of farming. The mechanization of the textile industry was not until mid-nineteenth century when the likes of Lowell Mills (in Massachusetts) sprouted. In fact, Lowell Mills was the most profitabl e mill in Massachusetts. In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company was established and it built a mill near the Charles River. It became the first integrated mill in the United States: it was the first mill to have had carding, spinning and weaving. For several years, the town of Lowell in Massachusetts became the default place for putting up mills in America as ten textile corporations opened more than thirty mills in Lowell. The city became world famous as the â€Å"center of efficient industry†. These mills had eight thousand workers, women between ages 16 to 35 as their workers and they were promised high wages by men who told them that these jobs were available to all social classes, since being a mill girl is considered being degrading. The Lowell Mills had a large-scale mechanization with the goal of improving the stature the women in the workforce. The mills usually hired employees for a year and they were renewed every year (the average employee lasts for four years) . The new ones had a fixed wage while the older employees were paid by the piece. The workers usually worked for fourteen hours each day and their work averages for seventy three hours each week. The workers were overseen by two male managers. The rooms are hot with eighty workers to a room, and the windows are closed to maintain thread count and thread work. The workers were also housed in boarding houses that were provided by the company, with six workers in a bedroom. Because of the economic depression of the 1830s, the board of directors of the mills proposed a reduction in the women’s wages and the employees had strikes. The women lost and the employees left town, and this was seen as a â€Å"betrayal of femininity†. In 1845, the Lowell women started the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. It demanded a ten hour work for the women of Lowell Mills. The movement became unsuccessful then but in 1847, their work hours were reduced by 30 minutes. In New Hampshire, however, the State Board passed a law for a ten hour workday. This development in the industrialization of America brought forth inequality in the working class, particularly in the lives of female white workers as exemplified by the working women of Lowell Mills. The inequality was not only sexist as it only affected women. Then inequality stretched to the point where the capitalists have used the term â€Å"more wages† as they hired women, on the premise of them providing better lives, with these women not knowing that they will be in for more